《動盪:國家如何化解危局、成功轉型?》是2019年底出版的新書,作者是大名鼎鼎的賈德,戴蒙(Jared Diamond)。
或許你對他的名字不甚熟悉,但是也許你在其他人談論分享、好書推薦時曾經聽過他的以下幾本著作:《槍砲、病菌與鋼鐵》、《大崩壞》、《第三種猩猩》等等,每一本書都使他獲得了極高的榮譽,被譽為這個世紀的達爾文。
賈德,戴蒙原先大學主修文學,但之後卻修習生理學博士學位,之後又開始進行地理學與環境史的研究,這樣的經歷使他能夠以跨領域的角度來看來他所感興趣的問題,同時文學的基底還能幫助他以簡明的方式闡述觀念,使他成為著名的科普作家。
而現在,他要將觸手伸進歷史領域中。
這本書在說什麼
《動盪》一書主要在說明國家在發展時會遇到什麼樣的危機,而政府和人民又如何去面對或解決(也可以是逃避),在書中借用了心理學的研究方法作為框架,應用在他的個人解釋中,並發展出一套理論體系。同時藉由這些已經發生過的歷史事件,進一步探討現今的國家正遭遇的衝擊,以及未來可能會導致的新危機。
我必須說,沒有一定知識涉略程度的作家是無法寫出這樣的內容的,這也是為何要推薦這篇書的原因。
危機就是轉機
本書架構可概略分為三大部分:
- 危機的定義以及研究框架的描述
- 以七個國家為例,研究過去的歷史以及分析
- 反省今日世界,展望未來變局
作者從一開始就開宗名義介紹「危機」對於每個人不同的想像,並以他年輕時遭遇過的夜總會大火為例,指出一個人的改變往往來自於重大事件的發生,這種劇變或危機可能深刻地影響一個人的一生,例如病痛、車禍、喪偶等等,有些人能夠化解並調適,有些人則無法撐過,因而走上了完全不同的道路。
接著又說明自己年輕時差點無法從博士班畢業的故事,並承認這是當時的個人危機,當然他最終還是順利畢業了,但是這個經歷讓他永生難忘,而這也成為本書靈感來源。
從這個觀點出發,國家的「危機」和個人的危機是很類似的,當國家處於內憂外患、動盪不安之時,政府或人民需要主動或被迫進行轉變,於是作者就想:我們何不使用個人心理創傷的研究框架來研究國家的動盪呢?
這些個人危機治理的要素可被列為12項,分別是:
- 承認個人置身危機
- 承擔採取行動的個人責任
- 建立圍籬,勾勒出需要解決的個人問題
- 由其他個人和團體獲得物質和情感幫助
- 以他人作為如何解決問題的典範
- 自我強度
- 誠實的自我評價
- 過去的個人危機經驗
- 耐心
- 彈性
- 個人核心價值
- 擺脫個人限制
儘管有少數要點無法順利對應,作者仍然套用這個框架依樣畫葫蘆,列出國家度過危機的12要點:
- 國人對於國家陷於危機中的共識
- 承擔國家採取行動的責任
- 勾勒出需要解決的國家問題
- 由其他國家獲得支援
- 以其他國家作為解決問題的典範
- 國家認同
- 誠實的國家自我評價
- 國家危機的歷史經驗
- 應對危機的耐性
- 針對特殊情況的彈性
- 國家的核心價值
- 地緣政治的限制
有些人可能會覺得12項太多了,繁雜不好記又有很多雷同,對此作者的回答是這樣的:
“把人生或國家歷史的結果減少為幾個口號,未免太荒謬,要是你不幸拿到號稱能這麼做的書,趕快把它扔掉,不要再讀。
反過來說,如果你不幸拿到一本書,要討論影響危機解決的76個要素,也趕快把那本書扔掉。”
是的,就如同愛因斯坦所說的:
事情應力求簡潔,但不能太過簡單。
Make everything as simple as possible, but not simpler.
七個國家的危機
在本書最核心的部分中,作者以七個國家作為論述的要點,分別是芬蘭、日本、智利、印尼、德國、澳洲與美國,通過已知的歷史事件,抽絲剝繭,描述這些國家如何應用這12項要點來解決當時所面對的危機。
選擇這七個國家的原因是,作者自認為對這七個國家有最深且相對客觀的了解(意思就是他比較敢對這七個國家品頭論足),其實並不意外,因為人不可能通盤了解並分析所有的國家(這不可能),也不可能只細論單一國家(太過狹隘),因此七個國家也是一種折衷的結果。
究竟這些國家面臨過什麼樣的危機呢?
芬蘭
芬蘭雖然今日已被譽為極為富裕且現代化的民主自由國家,但是芬蘭在二次大戰期間卻有著不堪的過去,面對雙強夾殺(德國與蘇聯)的局面,芬蘭政府不得不做出妥協,為了配合蘇聯甚至不惜做自我審查,「芬蘭化」一度成為眾人嘲笑的貶義詞,但是對芬蘭人來說,這卻是他們賴以生存的方法。
日本
日本自幕府鎖國以來,一度阻隔於世界之外,然而1854年美國艦隊的一炮令下,舉國開始面對列強進逼的危機。在當時的對岸中國四分五裂的情形下,日本又要如何避免聯國的覆轍,成為最急迫的問題。
智利
經過1962年的古巴飛彈危機後,美國對於中南美洲國家的操控力度也逐漸加大,智利作為南美洲的先進國家,同樣也在共產/反共產的路線中掙扎,1973年的政變對智利帶來了深遠的影響,雖然政變者皮諾契特帶來了二十年的經濟快速發展,然而人權與民主亦快速倒退,是一個很值得探討的例子。
印尼
與智利相同,印尼在1960年代也面臨著印尼共產主義擴張的問題,在印尼的章節中,作者描述了前後兩任領導人蘇卡諾與蘇卡諾的不同風格,以及他們對印尼帶來的深遠政治影響,這個影響直到2019年我外派工作時仍存在著。
德國
德國在近代史與現代史上都是非常值得拿來探討的問題,從1871年的民族國家成立、1919年德意志帝國解體、1933年納粹崛起、第二次世界大戰到戰後秩序,無不說明的國家的發展軌跡與世界局勢息息相關,甚至互有牽扯,德國是如何做到的?
澳洲
澳洲的問題在我看來也恰好是台灣目前的問題,那就是「國家認同」,身為大英日不落帝國的附庸,澳洲人從白澳政策到澳洲聯邦,最終與母國疏遠,這一系列的轉變是漸進但不可逆的,本書的篇章從二十世紀初期談起,說明澳洲人是怎麼面對自身國家的危機。
美國
最終,一切的論述與鋪陳似乎都是為了美國做準備,作者懷著恨鐵不成鋼的心態,講述美國在國家發展的過程中充滿著得天獨厚的優勢,然而沒有人可以一直當贏家,新的時代有新的挑戰,他希望美國人能夠認清事實,及早做出對應。
以古鑑今
從以上的例子我們可以知道,一個國家如果想要解決危機,首要任務就是必須承認這個危機,同時對自我實力與處境還要有清楚的認識,在作者的眼中,其實美國並不具備這樣的能力,雖然經由二次大戰獲得的世界政經秩序的主導權,但是面對新問題時卻不願意向其他國家取經,且無法承認自身的不足,這無疑對美國的未來埋下一顆不定時炸彈。
在書末,作者也細數了今日人類所面對課題與危機,包含環境問題、氣候變遷、核戰爭、傳染病與世界發展不均等等,可以發現作者的野心十分宏大,不但以古鑑今,更要展望未來。
不幸的是,在傳染病一項竟一語成讖,2020年的當下,人類正遭遇最嚴峻的疫情危機。
他本人在書中也自述:
“…我不聽悲觀者之言,放棄希望,而是繼續執筆不輟,為的是只要我們願意,可以由歷史中學習。”
這個結語,可以為他的寫作動機立下最清楚的註解。
誰適合讀這本書
從心理學治療的框架應用,到個別國家的論述與個人經驗,在在都能顯示作者用心之深,野心之大。這樣的作法當然也遭遇不少的批評:
- 企圖以個人經驗涵蓋所有面向,無法面面俱到
- 參雜個人感受與宏觀的野心,讀起來會有囫圇吞棗之感
- 對於個別國家的描述不夠深刻,許多歷史事件僅為客觀說明
- 心理學治療的框架是否能夠套用在國家發展,令人存疑
人不是完人,我在讀這本書的當下偶然也會有上述的感想,但是這仍不減損這本書帶給我的感悟。
在我看來,任何需要了解國家運作以及希望從歷史學習教訓的人都應該讀這本書,但是高中以下的讀者可能不適合。
為什麼呢?首先,在我閱讀的過程中,慢慢地感受到歷史是一門複雜的學問,在這當中的描述雖然力求客觀,仍難免有個人主觀解釋在其中。就算是賈德,戴蒙這樣的通才型學者,也很難完全避免這種問題。
第二,任何國家的發展都有它複雜的背景與脈絡,英國在二戰前為何採取姑息主義、印尼排華暴動的歷史背景、日本如何明治維新成功乃至於228事件的發生都有著一連串詳細而複雜的軌跡,但是台灣的學校教育並不是特別注重這一塊。
這本書,如果沒有經過良好的導讀,可能沒有辦法讓學生從中理解當中的交互關係與政治牽扯,更遑論尋找自行有興趣的題材,我們可能會不自覺地就直接吸收當中的觀點作為真實。而忽略事件的發生有許多的不同的面相。
這有點像我小時候讀偉人傳記一樣,對於自帶一家之言的歷史書籍,要能跳脫框架是很不容易的事。
但是如果不過度苛求,想要把這本書當成輕鬆的讀物來看的話,我個人是十分推薦的。
感想與總結
《動盪:國家如何化解危局、成功轉型?》這本書帶給我的不只是各個國家的歷史知識,更多的是自我的反省,這其中主要有兩樣:
在分析、面對問題時需要有跨領域的思維
就像查理蒙格在《窮查理的普通常識》所提到的:「在手裡拿著鐵錘的人眼中,世界就像一根釘子」。如果人只受過單一種訓練,思維便很容易產生偏誤。《動盪》一書雖然是套用心理學治療的框架,但是這種思維其實很值得我們學習。
反思個人與台灣的危機
如果說在讀的過程中沒有自我懷疑,那是騙人的。書中許多國家在發展時遇到的問題,恰好可用於今日的台灣,但是這段內容太多,可能要再開一篇新文才行。
就像《如何閱讀一本書》中所提到的:
“讀一本好書,會讓你的努力有所回報。最好的書對你的回饋也最多。當然,這樣的回饋分成兩種:第一,當你成功地閱讀了一本難讀的好書之後,你的閱讀技巧必然增進了。第二,長期來說這一點更重要,一本好書能教你了解這個世界以及你自己。”
《動盪》帶給我們的新思維與啟發,應無庸置疑,可說是經典必讀的一本了。
Your knowledge and expertise on various topics never ceases to amaze me I always learn something new with each post
My brother suggested I might like this website. He was totally right. This post actually made my day. You cann’t imagine just how much time I had spent for this information! Thanks!
Its like you read my mind! You appear to know so much about this, like you wrote the book in it or something. I think that you can do with a few pics to drive the message home a little bit, but other than that, this is fantastic blog. A great read. I’ll certainly be back.
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